In the response phase the most important step is to assess disaster after occurrence. By disaster assessment, we can obtain all the needed information for controlling, decision-making and also disaster planning. Lack of disaster assessment causes you to make unsuitable decisions based on limited or inadequate data which leads to imperfect disaster response. According to IFRC, disaster response operation will have an unsuitable function without disaster assessment. This paper presents the principles and concepts of disaster assessment.

Background & Purpose: Selection and evaluation of people and managers has always been one of the concerns of organizations. In recent years, the employment administrative organization of the country formulated a model to evaluate professional managers, but this model was encountered with weaknesses. Accordingly, the general goal of this research is to design a performance evaluation tool in evaluation centers using cognitive tools.Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of approach. In this research, the meta-synthesis method was used. Therefore, the period from 2015 to 2023 was determined for the review of researches. The articles in this period were screened and confirmed using experts’ opinions and Glynn's evaluation tool. Among the 608 articles found, 50 articles were selected from scientific references such as Elsevier, Emerald, Springer, etc. The collected studies were analyzed using content analysis based on the seven-step method of Sandelowski and Russo (2007). The results of meta-synthesis method were evaluated and screened by experts using fuzzy Delphi technique. In this technique, the fuzzy triangle method was used to evaluate and analyze the experts’ opinions. Finally, using the results, the native model was prepared and developed.Findings: The results of this research included six dimensions, 20 components, and 115 indicators. According to the findings, the identified dimensions included decision-making, cognitive abilities, cognitive processes, problem solving, and interactive and behavioral cognition.Conclusion: The use of cognitive factors in evaluation centers can evaluate managers more accurately and provide a better understanding of their performance.

With the development of electronic learning, Assessment has become a major challenge in this area. Assessment is a critical element in the Teaching-Learning Process and it can affect teaching and learning. Actually Assessment is an integral part of any education system; therefore, Assessment tools are also very important. The focus of this research is on the synthesis of Learners Assessment tools in electronic learning Environments. The research approach is qualitative and its method is synthesis research. In this regard, the statistical population of the study included documents and research related to assessment tools in electronic learning environments that 21 study units were studied by available sampling method. The findings of the research show that 24 tools for assessing learners in electronic learning environment are used, which were placed in two categories of assessment tools: 1. Synchronous Communication and 2. Asynchronous Communication, and in the meantime, assessment tools with Synchronous Communication such as tests, chat and online discussion groups, and joint group assignments, and Asynchronous Communication Assessment tools such as self-assessment, projects, electronic work folders, peer assessment, and articles have the most use for assessing learners in e-learning Environments. Also tests and joint group assignments were common in both synchronous and asynchronous tools. In the end, it is suggested that used several Assessment methods to Assessment learners in the electronic learning environment, which increases the credibility of the Assessment.

Introduction: Patient comfort measurement tools are recognized as a key tool in assessing the quality of healthcare services. These tools help us identify patients' needs and expectations and ultimately have a direct impact on patient experience, collaboration in treatment, and improvement of health status and quality of care. This study aims to systematically review various patient comfort measurement tools, their validity and reliability across different studies, challenges in using these tools, and solutions for improvement .Methods: In this systematic review, articles published between 2015 and 2025 in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SID were reviewed. The keywords used included "patient comfort measurement tools," "patient comfort," "reliability and validity," and other related terms. Articles in English and Persian that reviewed patient comfort measurement tools were selected. Review articles, posters, letters to the editor, and qualitative studies were the exclusion criteria.Results: The results of the review of 21 studies showed that patient comfort measurement tools include questionnaires, scales, and mixed methods designed to measure different aspects of the patient experience. The main challenges in using these tools included non-compliance with specific patient needs, problems related to the validity and reliability of the tools, lack of training for staff, and lack of active patient participation in the assessment process. Also, improvement strategies were suggested, including designing localized tools, continuous staff training, increasing patient awareness, and using modern technologies for data collection .Conclusion: Each tool has characteristics that distinguish it from other tools. Choosing the right tool depends on various factors. Furthermore, the effective use of patient comfort measurement tools requires attention to existing challenges and implementation of appropriate solutions. Improving the quality of these tools and integrating them into clinical processes can lead to increased patient satisfaction and improved quality of health services. Active patient participation and ongoing staff training are also key factors in the success of these tools.

Introduction: Evaluating the state of health financing of countries helps to check the efficiency of the health system and the optimal use of the limited resources of their health system. This study was conducted to review health financing evaluation tools and the functional area of each of them so that more effective and efficient reforms can be applied in the path of achieving universal health coverage. Methods: This study was a systematic review that used Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science databases to find tools and articles related to health financing evaluation. Google Scholar search engine and organizational databases (World Health Organization and World Bank) were also used to complete the search. Articles and tools published in English have been reviewed without a time limit. Data analysis was done by the content analysis method. Results: A total of 35 articles and 9 tools were included in the study. After a complete review, finally, 6 tools National Health Accounts, Health System Assessment Approach, Health Sector Situation Analysis, Organizational Assessment to Improve and Strengthen Health Financing, Health System Review, and Health Financing Progress Matrix were analyzed. And all of them were examined from 9 dimensions of health financing assessment. Conclusion: In this study, the evaluation tools of health system financing were identified and their characteristics were stated. Among the health financing evaluation tools during the last few decades, the health financing progress matrix can provide a more complete and comprehensive road map to identify the dimensions and performance of the health system financing area in the path of achieving universal health coverage.

Liver fibrosis occurs as the response of chronic liver injury. In the past, it was thought as irreversible but now is recognized as a dynamic process with possibility of significant resolution. Regardless of the cause, the response to liver injury includes collapse of hepatic lobules, formation of fibrous septae, and hepatocyte regeneration with nodular formation. Conventional biochemical and serological tests have no significant value for assessment of liver fibrosis and liver biopsy specimen is still the "gold standard" for staging of liver diseases. The incessant progress in production of new pharmaceuticals creates an enormous need for non-invasive diagnostics of liver fibrosis. The lack of appropriate non-invasive tools is currently the main limitation for monitoring of disease progression, predicting clinical outcomes and evaluating therapeutic effects. At this time, two groups of diagnostic tools are used for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis: imaging techniques and biologically-based markers. Some of them like transient elastogarphy are very promising and others like biologically based markers are helpful but cannot serve as independent markers of liver fibrosis. Therefore, experimental and clinical hepatology of the next decade have a great challenge to find a more accurate, reproducible and non-invasive technique for hepatic fibrosis assessment.